Quantifiers

   Few denotes number and is followed by the plural number.
There were no fewer than fifty men there.
   Little denotes quantity and is generally followed by the singular.
Give me a little more time.

   Few is opposed to many, it has a negative force meaning almost none.
Few men are free from faults.
   A few is opposed to none and means some.
I need a few men here.
   The few has a double force, one negative and the other positive. It means not many but all that there are.
The few friends I had, left me.
   Not a few means a pretty large number.
He gave me not a few cakes.

   Little has a negative force, meaning almost nothing.
I care little for him.
   A little has an affirmative force and means a small quantity.
I am a little tired.
   The little has a double force, means not much but all that there are.
The little hope I had, is gone.
   Not a little means much.
He gave me not a little trouble.

   People generally means persons.
People say you are wrong.
   A people commonly identifies a nation.
The Americans are a rich people.
   Peoples means nations.
Different peoples have different customs.

   Sometime is now confined to the meaning formerly.
He was sometime Principal of this college.
   Some time means for some time or at some time, here some is an adjective qualifying time.
I have been writing some time.
I shall see about it some time.
   Sometimes means occasionally.
Sometimes he acts thus.

   Much denotes quantity and is followed by the singular.
Much water, much money,
   Many denotes number, i.e. things which can be counted, and therefore it is followed by plural.
Many rupees, many men,

   Too implies excess, i.e., that the limit has been exceeded.
I am too weak to walk, i.e., my weakness has exceeded the limit within which I could manage to walk.
   Enough is the opposite of too and means that the proper limit has been just reached.
I am strong enough to walk, i.e., I have as much strength as is necessary for me to walk.
   Much qualifies Adjectives and Adverbs in the comparative degree, it also goes with the past participles.
He is much happier than before. He was much charmed.
   Very qualifies Adjectives and Adverbs in the positive degree and is generally used with the present participles but sometimes used with the past participles like pleased, tired, delighted.
I am very happy. The sight is very charming.

   Any is used in the negative sentences and in interrogative sentences to identify preferable objects.
I did not want any man.
Is there any man there?
   Some is used in affirmative sentences and in the interrogative sentences used in questions which are really commands or requests.
He gave me some books.
Will you give me some water?
   A many is followed by a plural noun and usually takes 'great' between 'a' and 'many'.
I have a great many books books of this kind.
   Many a is the contracted form of 'Many one' and is followed by a singular noun.
Many a man wants to get rich quickly.

* He was very late for school- he went to school but was very late.
He was too late for school- when he reached there the school was over.

 ** Proper nouns are preceded by all or the whole of, and never by whole alone. Thus we may write, 'All (or The whole of) India mourns his death,' but not, 'Whole India mourns his death.'
   Before common nouns, both whole and all are used, but all is very seldom followed by a singular number while whole takes the before it. 'Give me all the mangoes' or 'Give me the whole mango'(i.e. one entire mango).
   All denoting quantity may be used before singular singular nouns preceded by 'the'.
All the milk was drunk by the cat.

*** A lot of, lots of : They are both used before singular uncountable and plural nouns, and before pronouns. It is the subject and not the form lot/lots, that makes a following verb singular or plural. So a lot of is used before a plural subject the verb is plural, when lots of is used before a singular subject, the verb is singular. In the more formal style we prefer a great deal of, a large number of, much or many.
There are a lot of books in the almirah.
There is a lot of water in the bucket.
There is lots of time before the lesson begins.
We had lots of time before the bus arrived.